The 2009 season
Alabama finished No. 1 in the final AP poll, 14–0 under Nick Saban, after it beat Texas 37–21 in the BCS National Championship. The biggest game by the rankings: No. 2 Alabama 32, No. 1 Florida 13 (Dec 5, 2009). Two FBS teams finished unbeaten. 64 ranked teams lost to unranked or lower-ranked opponents. Share
Heisman Trophy: Mark Ingram II, RB, Alabama.
The Heisman vote: Mark Ingram II 1,304 points, Toby Gerhart 1,276
| Player | Points | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mark Ingram II RB, Alabama | 1,304 | 227 | 236 | 151 | |
| Toby Gerhart RB, Stanford | 1,276 | 222 | 225 | 160 | |
| Colt McCoy QB, Texas | 1,145 | 203 | 188 | 160 | |
| Ndamukong Suh DT, Nebraska | 815 | 161 | 105 | 122 | |
| Tim Tebow QB, Florida | 390 | 43 | 70 | 121 | |
| C.J. Spiller RB, Clemson | 223 | 26 | 31 | 83 | |
| Kellen Moore QB, Boise State | 100 | 10 | 20 | 30 | |
| Case Keenum QB, Houston | 37 | 2 | 9 | 13 | |
| Mardy Gilyard WR, Cincinnati | 23 | 2 | 2 | 13 | |
| Golden Tate WR, Notre Dame | 21 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
First-, second- and third-place votes (3, 2 and 1 points), from the season’s Wikipedia article, as published.
Scoreboards
Final AP poll
| 1 | Alabama (60) | Southeastern Conference |
| 2 | Texas | Big 12 |
| 3 | Florida | Southeastern Conference |
| 4 | Boise State | Western Athletic Conference |
| 5 | Ohio State | Big Ten |
| 6 | TCU | Mountain West Conference |
| 7 | Iowa | Big Ten |
| 8 | Cincinnati | Big East |
| 9 | Penn State | Big Ten |
| 10 | Virginia Tech | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| 11 | Oregon | Pac-10 |
| 12 | BYU | Mountain West Conference |
| 13 | Georgia Tech | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| 14 | Nebraska | Big 12 |
| 15 | Pittsburgh | Big East |
| 16 | Wisconsin | Big Ten |
| 17 | LSU | Southeastern Conference |
| 18 | Utah | Mountain West Conference |
| 19 | Miami | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| 20 | Ole Miss | Southeastern Conference |
| 21 | Texas Tech | Big 12 |
| 22 | USC | Pac-10 |
| 23 | Central Michigan | Mid-American Conference |
| 24 | Clemson | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| 25 | West Virginia | Big East |
Biggest upsets
| Sep 19, 2009 | Washington 16, 3USC 13 |
| Sep 24, 2009 | South Carolina 16, 4Ole Miss 10 |
| Sep 12, 2009 | Houston 45, 5Oklahoma State 35 |
| Sep 26, 2009 | Iowa 21, 5Penn State 10 |
| Sep 26, 2009 | Oregon 42, 6California 3 |
| Sep 19, 2009 | Florida State 54, 7BYU 28 |
| Oct 17, 2009 | Purdue 26, 7Ohio State 18 |
| Nov 7, 2009 | Stanford 51, 7Oregon 42 |
| Nov 28, 2009 | Georgia 30, 7Georgia Tech 24 |
| Oct 24, 2009 | Clemson 40, 8Miami 37 |
| Nov 7, 2009 | Northwestern 17, 8Iowa 10 |
| Nov 27, 2009 | West Virginia 19, 8Pittsburgh 16 |
Ranked teams that lost as the betting favorite, the longest shots first, with the winner’s odds on the line; before lines are on file, ranked teams beaten by unranked or lower-ranked ones.
The AP poll, week by week
Climbed
- Cincinnatiunranked → No. 8
- IowaNo. 22 → No. 7
- TCUNo. 17 → No. 6
- Pittsburghunranked → No. 15
- Boise StateNo. 14 → No. 4
Fell
- OklahomaNo. 3 → unranked
- USCNo. 4 → No. 22
- Oklahoma StateNo. 9 → unranked
- CaliforniaNo. 12 → unranked
- GeorgiaNo. 13 → unranked
From the season’s first AP poll (the preseason poll) to the final one.
National leaders
| Passing yards | Case Keenum (Houston) | 5,671 yds |
|---|---|---|
| Passing touchdowns | Case Keenum (Houston) | 44 TD |
| Passer rating | Tim Tebow (Florida) | 164.2 |
| Rushing yards | Toby Gerhart (Stanford) | 1,871 yds |
| Rushing touchdowns | Toby Gerhart (Stanford) | 28 TD |
| Yards per carry | Vai Taua (Nevada) | 7.8 |
| Receptions | Freddie Barnes (Bowling Green) | 155 catches |
| Receiving yards | Danario Alexander (Missouri) | 1,781 yds |
| Yards per catch | Owen Spencer (NC State) | 25.5 |
| Receiving touchdowns | Freddie Barnes (Bowling Green) | 19 TD |
| Points | Toby Gerhart (Stanford) | 166 pts |
| Points per game | Donald Buckram (UTEP) | 15.8 |
| Total offense | Case Keenum (Houston) | 5,829 yds |
| Total offense per game | Case Keenum (Houston) | 416.4 |
| Punt return average | Greg Reid (Florida State) | 18.4 |
| Kickoff return average | Ray Fisher (Indiana) | 37.4 |
The NCAA’s official leaders; our own top-five lists are hidden for 2009, because our source’s player stats miss players for too many teams that season to rank the nation fairly. From Wikipedia’s yearly NCAA leader lists for passing, rushing, receiving, scoring, total offense and returns.
Conference champions
FBS
- Atlantic Coast Conference
- Georgia Tech
- Big 12
- Texas
- Big East
- Cincinnati
- Big Ten
- Ohio State
- Conference USA
- East Carolina
- Mid-American Conference
- Central Michigan
- Mountain West Conference
- TCU
- Pac-10
- Oregon
- Southeastern Conference
- Alabama
- Sun Belt Conference
- Troy
- Western Athletic Conference
- Boise State
FCS
- Big Sky
- Montana
- Big South
- Liberty and Stony Brook (shared)
- Great West Conference
- UC Davis
- Ivy League
- Pennsylvania
- Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
- South Carolina State
- Missouri Valley Football Conference
- Southern Illinois
- Northeast Conference
- Central Connecticut
- Ohio Valley Conference
- Eastern Illinois
- Patriot League
- Holy Cross
- Southern Conference
- App State
- Southland Conference
- McNeese and Stephen F. Austin (shared)
- Southwestern Athletic Conference
- Prairie View A&M
Division II and below
- Gulf South Conference
- North Alabama
- Heart of America Athletic Conference
- Lindenwood
- Lone Star Conference
- Tarleton State
- Northeast-10 Conference
- Merrimack
From each program’s Wikipedia article, with the conference’s name that season. Titles come from the articles of today’s FBS and FCS programs, so a title shared with a school outside them lists only one champion.
Consensus All-Americans
- QBColt McCoy, Texas
- RBToby Gerhart, Stanford
- RBMark Ingram II, Alabama
- WRGolden Tate, Notre Dame
- WRJordan Shipley, Texas
- TEDennis Pitta, BYU
- OTRussell Okung, Oklahoma State
- OTTrent Williams, Oklahoma
- OGMike Johnson, Alabama
- OGMike Iupati, Idaho
- CMaurkice Pouncey, Florida
- DEJerry Hughes, TCU
- DTNdamukong Suh, Nebraska
- DTTerrence Cody, Alabama
- DTGerald McCoy, Oklahoma
- LBRolando McClain, Alabama
- LBGreg Jones, Michigan State
- LBBrandon Spikes, Florida
- CBJoe Haden, Florida
- DBEric Berry, Tennessee
- SEarl Thomas, Texas
- KKai Forbath, UCLA
- PDrew Butler, Georgia
- RB/KRC.J. Spiller, Clemson
Players picked by enough of the major selectors to count as consensus, shown in bold in Wikipedia’s 2009 All-America article. Every selector’s teams, first to last, are on the 2009 All-America teams page.
The 2009 awards
Every awardPlayer of the year
By position
- Davey O’BrienColt McCoy, QB, Texas
- Unitas Golden ArmColt McCoy, QB, Texas
- ManningColt McCoy, QB, Texas
- Doak WalkerToby Gerhart, RB, Stanford
- BiletnikoffGolden Tate, WR, Notre Dame
- MackeyAaron Hernandez, TE, Florida
- RimingtonMaurkice Pouncey, C, Florida
- OutlandNdamukong Suh, DT, Nebraska
- LombardiNdamukong Suh, DT, Nebraska
- HendricksJerry Hughes, OLB, TCU
- ButkusRolando McClain, ILB, Alabama
- ThorpeEric Berry, SS, Tennessee
- GrozaKai Forbath, K, UCLA
- Ray GuyDrew Butler, P, Georgia
Scholarship and character
- Campbell TrophyTim Tebow, QB, Florida
- WuerffelTim Hiller, QB, Western Michigan
The champion’s staff
Every title staff
Alabama 47 on the staff list
- Nick Sabanhead coach
- Burton Burnsassociate head coach, running backs
- Curt Cignettireceivers, recruiting coordinator
- Bo Davisdefensive line
- Jim McElwainoffensive coordinator, quarterbacks
- Joe Pendryassistant head coach, offensive line
- Kirby Smartdefensive coordinator, secondary
- Sal Sunseriassistant head coach, linebackers
- Bobby Williamstight ends, special teams
- James Willisassociate head coach, linebackers
Support staff (37)
Strength and conditioning
- Scott Cochran head football strength and conditioning coach
- Terry Jones assistant head strength coach
- Dedrick Agee Graduate assistant, strength & conditioning
- Freddie Roach strength & conditioning
- Rob Sale strength & conditioning
- Lester Towns strength & conditioning
Operations and recruiting
- Mike Vollmar associate athletics director for football
- Ed Marynowitz director of player personnel
- Ashleigh Kimble assistant director, player personnel
- Patrick Suddes associate director, football operations
- C.C. Thompson special assistant to head coach, football operations coordinator
- Rachael Smallwood recruiting operations coordinator
- Troy Finney senior director
- Glenda Edwards administrative assistant for head coach
- Jeremy Pruitt director of player development
- Willie Carl Martin director of player development (Academics, strength & conditioning)
- Thad Turnipseed director of athletic Facilities, director of Capital Projects (athletic department, football facilities)
- Daniel Lyerly football video operations staff (later assistant AD, video operations)
Sports medicine and nutrition
- Jeff Allen head football athletic trainer
- Bill McDonald director of sports medicine
- Ginger Gilmore athletic trainer
- Jeremy Gsell athletic trainer
- Rodney Brown director of Rehab services
Equipment
- Tank Conerly athletic equipment director
- Jeremy Jordan assistant equipment manager
Video, communications and other staff
- Jeff Aul Academic Program advisor
- Lance Walker Academic Program advisor
- Cedric Burns coordinator of athletic relations
- Buddy Overstreet director of creative media
- Jeff Purinton associate athletics director, football communications
- Kent Gidley athletics director of Photography
- Roots Woodruff associate director of media relations (football credentials)
- Jon Dever assistant athletics director, Student services (academic support)
- Barry Allen assistant director of media relations (football)
- Josh Maxson assistant director of media relations (football)
- Jessica Pare assistant director of media relations
- Doug Walker associate athletic director for media relations (football)
The staff as the school listed it that season, roles in the source’s words (students and graduate assistants left out). Names link to coach pages where we have one, else to Wikipedia. Staff lists: Drew Hoover’s how-many-rings (MIT), from the schools’ media guides and staff pages.
Final BCS standings
| 1 | Alabama | 13–0 |
| 2 | Texas | 13–0 |
| 3 | Cincinnati | 12–0 |
| 4 | TCU | 12–0 |
| 5 | Florida | 12–1 |
| 6 | Boise State | 13–0 |
| 7 | Oregon | 10–2 |
| 8 | Ohio State | 10–2 |
| 9 | Georgia Tech | 11–2 |
| 10 | Iowa | 10–2 |
| 11 | Virginia Tech | 9–3 |
| 12 | LSU | 9–3 |
| 13 | Penn State | 10–2 |
| 14 | BYU | 10–2 |
| 15 | Miami | 9–3 |
| 16 | West Virginia | 9–3 |
| 17 | Pittsburgh | 9–3 |
| 18 | Oregon State | 8–4 |
| 19 | Oklahoma State | 9–3 |
| 20 | Arizona | 8–4 |
| 21 | Stanford | 8–4 |
| 22 | Nebraska | 9–4 |
| 23 | Utah | 9–3 |
| 24 | USC | 8–4 |
| 25 | Wisconsin | 9–3 |
The last standings of the season, released December 6: the Bowl Championship Series’ formula of polls and computer rankings that matched No. 1 and No. 2 in the title game, 1998–2013. From Wikipedia’s season rankings article (CC BY-SA); records as it lists them.
Bowls and playoff
ScoreboardRule book changes
Every rule bookThe 2009–10 NCAA rule book against the one before: 27 new, 65 changed, 32 removed, 6 renumbered and 3 retitled articles.
Rule 1: The Game, Field, Players and Equipment
- Changed Rule 1-1-6 Persons Subject to the Rules (General Provisions)
- Changed Rule 1-4-3 Contrasting Colors (Players and Playing Equipment)
- Changed Rule 1-4-4 Mandatory Equipment (Players and Playing Equipment)
Rule 2: Definitions
- Changed Rule 2-2-6 Belongs To (The Ball: Live, Dead, Loose)
- Changed Rule 2-2-7 Catch, Interception, Recovery (The Ball: Live, Dead, Loose)
- Changed Rule 2-3-2 Below Waist (Blocking)
- Changed Rule 2-3-3 Chop Block (Blocking)
- Changed Rule 2-3-4 Block in the Back (Blocking)
- New Rule 2-3-6 Blocking Zone (Blocking)
- Changed Rule 2-4-1 (Clipping)
- Changed Rule 2-6-1 Down (Down and Between Downs)
- New Rule 2-6-2 Between Downs (Down and Between Downs)
- Changed Rule 2-7-2 Valid Signal (Fair Catch)
- Changed Rule 2-7-3 Invalid Signal (Fair Catch)
- New Rule 2-9-2 Violation (Foul and Violation)
- Changed Rule 2-11-1 Sidelines (Lines)
- New Rule 2-11-2 Goal Lines (Lines)
- New Rule 2-11-3 End Lines (Lines)
- New Rule 2-11-4 Boundary Lines (Lines)
- Changed Rule 2-11-5 Restraining Lines (Lines)
- Removed Rule 2-11-5 Out of Bounds Lines (Lines)
- Renumbered Rule 2-11-6 Yard Lines (Lines) was Rule 2-11-3
- Renumbered Rule 2-11-7 Inbounds Lines (Hash Marks) (Lines) was Rule 2-11-4
- Renumbered Rule 2-11-8 Nine-Yard Marks (Lines) was Rule 2-11-6
- Changed Rule 2-14-1 (Hurdling)
- Changed Rule 2-15-8 Return Kick (Kicks)
- Changed Rule 2-18-2 Offside (Encroachment and Offside)
- Changed Rule 2-22-1 (Shift)
- New Rule 2–24 Series and Possession Series (Series and Possession Series)
- Removed Rule 2–24 Spearing (Series and Possession Series)
- Changed Rule 2-24-1 Series (Series and Possession Series)
- New Rule 2-24-2 Possession Series (Series and Possession Series)
- Changed Rule 2-25-9 Spot Where Kick Ends (Spots)
- Changed Rule 2-25-10 Basic Spot (Spots)
- Changed Rule 2-25-11 Postscrimmage Kick Spot (Spots)
- Changed Rule 2-27-1 Teams A and B (Team and Player Designations)
- Changed Rule 2-28-1 (Tripping)
- Changed Rule 2-31-2 Field of Play (Field Areas)
- Changed Rule 2-31-3 End Zones (Field Areas)
- Changed Rule 2-31-5 Playing Enclosure (Field Areas)
- New Rule 2–33 Three-and-One Principle (Three-and-One Principle)
- New Rule 2-33-1 (Three-and-One Principle)
- New Rule 2–34 Tackle Box (Tackle Box)
- New Rule 2-34-1 (Tackle Box)
Rule 3: Periods, Time Factors and Substitutions
- Changed Rule 3-2-3 Extension of Periods (Playing Time and Intermissions)
- Removed Rule 3-2-5 When Clock Starts (Playing Time and Intermissions)
- Removed Rule 3-2-6 When Clock Stops (Playing Time and Intermissions)
- New Rule 3–3 Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Removed Rule 3–3 Timeouts How Charged (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Changed Rule 3-3-1 Timeout (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Removed Rule 3-3-1 (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- New Rule 3-3-2 Starting and Stopping the Clock (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Retitled Rule 3-3-3 Suspending the Game (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Changed Rule 3-3-6 Violation Timeouts (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Changed Rule 3-3-7 Length of Timeouts (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Changed Rule 3-3-8 Referee’s Notification (Timeouts: Starting and Stopping the Clock)
- Changed Rule 3-4-3 Unfair Clock Tactics (Delays)
Rule 4: Ball in Play, Dead Ball, Out of Bounds
- Changed Rule 4-2-2 Held Ball Out of Bounds (Out of Bounds)
Rule 5: Series of Downs, Line to Gain
- Changed Rule 5-2-3 Foul Before Change of Team Possession (Down and Possession After a Penalty)
- Changed Rule 5-2-4 Foul After Change of Team Possession (Down and Possession After a Penalty)
- Changed Rule 5-2-7 Foul Between Series (Down and Possession After a Penalty)
- Renumbered Rule 5-2-9 Rule Decisions Final (Down and Possession After a Penalty) was Rule 5-2-10
- Removed Rule 5-2-9 Fouls During a Loose Ball (Down and Possession After a Penalty)
Rule 6: Kicks
- Changed Rule 6-1-2 Free Kick Formation (Free Kicks)
- Changed Rule 6-1-7 Touching Ground On or Behind Goal Line (Free Kicks)
- Changed Rule 6-3-11 Loose Behind the Goal Line (Scrimmage Kicks)
Rule 7: Snapping and Passing the Ball
- Changed Rule 7-2-1 During Live Ball (Backward Pass and Fumble)
- Changed Rule 7-2-2 Caught or Recovered (Backward Pass and Fumble)
- Changed Rule 7-2-4 Out of Bounds (Backward Pass and Fumble)
- Changed Rule 7-3-6 Complete Pass (Forward Pass)
- Changed Rule 7-3-10 Ineligible Receiver Downfield (Forward Pass)
Rule 8: Scoring
- Changed Rule 8-2-1 How Scored (Touchdown)
- Changed Rule 8-3-2 Opportunity to Score (Try Down)
- Changed Rule 8-5-1 How Scored (Safety)
- Changed Rule 8-6-1 When Declared (Touchback)
Rule 9: Conduct of Players and Others Subject to the Rules
- Retitled Rule 9–2 Unsportsmanlike Conduct Fouls (Unsportsmanlike Conduct Fouls)
- Changed Rule 9-2-3 Unfair Acts (Unsportsmanlike Conduct Fouls)
- Changed Rule 9-3-1 Who May Block (Blocking, Use of Hands or Arms)
- Changed Rule 9-3-2 Interfering for or Helping the Ball Carrier or Passer (Blocking, Use of Hands or Arms)
- Changed Rule 9-3-3 Use of Hands or Arms by Offense (Blocking, Use of Hands or Arms)
- Changed Rule 9-4-2 Batting a Backward Pass (Batting and Kicking)
- New Rule 9–6 Flagrant Personal Fouls (Flagrant Personal Fouls)
- New Rule 9-6-1 Player Ejection (Flagrant Personal Fouls)
- New Rule 9-6-2 Initiating Contact/Targeting an Opponent (Flagrant Personal Fouls)
- New Rule 9-6-3 Foul Not Called (Flagrant Personal Fouls)
Rule 10: Penalty Enforcement
- Changed Rule 10-1-7 Interval Fouls (Penalties Completed)
- Changed Rule 10-2-1 Enforcement Spots (Enforcement Procedures)
- New Rule 10-2-2 Determining the Enforcement Spot (Enforcement Procedures)
- Removed Rule 10-2-2 Procedures (Enforcement Procedures)
- New Rule 10-2-4 Fouls by Team A During Kicks (Enforcement Procedures)
- New Rule 10-2-5 Fouls During Or After A Touchdown, Field Goal or Try: (Enforcement Procedures)
- Changed Rule 10-2-6 Half-Distance Enforcement Procedures (Enforcement Procedures)
Rule 11: The Officials: Jurisdiction and Duties
- New Rule 11–1 Jurisdiction (Jurisdiction)
- Removed Rule 11–1 General Duties (Jurisdiction)
- Removed Rule 11-1-3 Responsibilities (Jurisdiction)
- Removed Rule 11-1-4 Equipment (Jurisdiction)
- Retitled Rule 11–2 Responsibilities (Responsibilities)
- Renumbered Rule 11-2-1 Number of Officials (Responsibilities) was Rule 11-1-2
- Removed Rule 11-2-1 (Responsibilities)
- Changed Rule 11-2-2 Position (Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11–3 Umpire Basic Responsibilities (Umpire Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-3-1 (Umpire Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-3-2 Position (Umpire Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11–4 Linesman Basic Responsibilities (Linesman Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-4-1 (Linesman Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-4-2 Position (Linesman Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11–5 Line Judge Basic Responsibilities (Line Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-5-1 (Line Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-5-2 Position (Line Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11–6 Field Judge Basic Responsibilities (Field Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-6-1 (Field Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-6-2 Position (Field Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11–7 Side Judge Basic Responsibilities (Side Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-7-1 (Side Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-7-2 Position (Side Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11–8 Back Judge Basic Responsibilities (Back Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-8-1 (Back Judge Basic Responsibilities)
- Removed Rule 11-8-2 Position (Back Judge Basic Responsibilities)
Rule 12: Instant Replay
- New Rule 12–1 Purpose and Philosophy (Purpose and Philosophy)
- Removed Rule 12–1 Definition (Purpose and Philosophy)
- New Rule 12-1-1 Purpose (Purpose and Philosophy)
- Removed Rule 12-1-1 Definition (Purpose and Philosophy)
- New Rule 12-1-2 Philosophy (Purpose and Philosophy)
- Changed Rule 12-2-1 Participation (Eligibility for Instant Replay)
- Changed Rule 12-3-1 Scoring Plays (Reviewable Plays)
- New Rule 12-3-3 Dead Ball and Loose Ball (Reviewable Plays)
- New Rule 12-3-4 Kicks (Reviewable Plays)
- Changed Rule 12-3-5 Miscellaneous (Reviewable Plays)
- Renumbered Rule 12-3-6 Limitations on Reviewable Plays (Reviewable Plays) was Rule 12-3-4
- Changed Rule 12-4-2 Equipment (Instant Replay Personnel, Equipment and Location)
- Changed Rule 12-4-3 Location (Instant Replay Personnel, Equipment and Location)
- Changed Rule 12-6-2 Restrictions (Reviewing an On-field Ruling)
- Changed Rule 12-7-1 Criterion for Reversal (Reversing an On-Field Ruling)
Only the first sentence of each article is compared, so a change deeper in an article (most penalty clauses, the overtime procedure) doesn’t show here, and a change that shows may be rewording. No rule text is kept: only numbers and headings. Rule books: NCAA, via Pierce’s provision dataset (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0).